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石油化工(gong)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)自動(dong)化技術公司已(yi)開發成功(gong)了各種(zhong)(zhong)生產過程(cheng)控(kong)制系統、優(you)化及先進(jin)控(kong)制軟(ruan)件(jian)、計算機信息(xi)管理系統，并應用(yong)于生產和企業(ye)管理，取得了可觀(guan)的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益。而(er)且各企業(ye)已(yi)經比較普(pu)遍地采用(yong)了這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)技術。實踐證明，采用(yong)計算機應用(yong)技術及自動(dong)化技術是挖(wa)潛增效(xiao)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)行(xing)之有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)手段。因(yin)此，石油化工(gong)企業(ye)在迎接新世紀(ji)挑戰時必須積極推進(jin)自動(dong)化技術的(de)(de)發展與應用(yong)。
提(ti)高自動化技(ji)(ji)(ji)術在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)石(shi)油(you)化工(gong)行業(ye)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)水平以堅持(chi)實(shi)用(yong)、注重效益為(wei)原則，在(zai)計(ji)算(suan)機控(kong)制技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)方(fang)面(mian)取得(de)了(le)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)成績，但發展(zhan)不夠平衡，因此(ci)大(da)力普(pu)及(ji)(ji)計(ji)算(suan)機控(kong)制技(ji)(ji)(ji)術，全面(mian)提(ti)高石(shi)油(you)化工(gong)自動化技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)水平，已成當務之急。由(you)于國(guo)內外市場競爭激烈(lie)，要求煉油(you)化工(gong)生(sheng)產裝置必須實(shi)施先進(jin)控(kong)制及(ji)(ji)優化控(kong)制;現(xian)代(dai)企業(ye)信息(xi)化要求建立過程控(kong)制與信息(xi)管理一(yi)體化網絡;同時現(xian)場總(zong)線技(ji)(ji)(ji)術及(ji)(ji)智(zhi)能儀器儀表發展(zhan)迅猛(meng)，這些因素導致了(le)傳統的(de)(de)DCS已不能滿足要求。
DCS在(zai)功(gong)能(neng)及(ji)結構上(shang)發生了或正在(zai)發生著本質的(de)變化(hua)，把60% ～80%的(de)現(xian)場控制(zhi)功(gong)能(neng)移交給了“現(xian)場總(zong)(zong)(zong)線(xian)”，目前(qian)現(xian)場總(zong)(zong)(zong)線(xian)技(ji)術(shu)已(yi)經基本成熟(shu)，并且(qie)已(yi)經開始在(zai)一(yi)些小型工業(ye)裝置上(shang)試用，運行(xing)結果已(yi)展示出巨大的(de)發展前(qian)景，代表(biao)了未來現(xian)場控制(zhi)的(de)方向，國外各大自動化(hua)儀(yi)表(biao)公司在(zai)經過激烈競爭(zheng)之后(hou)，在(zai)相互妥協的(de)基礎上(shang)成立了全球(qiu)范圍的(de)“現(xian)場總(zong)(zong)(zong)線(xian)基金會”。現(xian)場總(zong)(zong)(zong)線(xian)是控制(zhi)和儀(yi)表(biao)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)一(yi)次技(ji)術(shu)性革命。
現場總線的使用具有許多(duo)優點：
(1)增加了儀(yi)(yi)表(biao)系統的功(gong)能。現場(chang)總線(xian)可實現就地閉環(huan)控制(zhi)，使(shi)控制(zhi)徹底分散，從而提高(gao)了控制(zhi)系統的可靠性;現場(chang)總線(xian)使(shi)用(yong)智能儀(yi)(yi)表(biao)，使(shi)儀(yi)(yi)表(biao)在(zai)線(xian)維護、調校以及在(zai)線(xian)設(she)備(bei)管(guan)理;提高(gao)了系統的開放性。
(2)提高(gao)了(le)儀(yi)表系統的(de)(de)技術性能。由于信(xin)(xin)號傳(chuan)輸(shu)的(de)(de)數字化，增(zeng)強了(le)現場信(xin)(xin)號的(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)及抗干(gan)擾能力(li)，使精度從(cong)±0.5%提高(gao)到±0.1%，增(zeng)加了(le)信(xin)(xin)號傳(chuan)輸(shu)距離及信(xin)(xin)息量。
(3)節(jie)約了儀表系統(tong)的建設投資。大量(liang)減少了電纜與鋪設電纜用的橋架，可(ke)以減少一(yi)半到三分(fen)之二的隔離器(qi)、端子柜(ju)、I/O 終(zhong)端、I/O 卡件、I/O機(ji)柜(ju)。
但(dan)是現場(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)技術(shu)還未達到絕(jue)對(dui)安全和十分成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)階段。我們應(ying)關注現場(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)發展動向，并制(zhi)定相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)策，如(ru)新建項目選用DCS時應(ying)選開放式并與現場(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)相兼容的(de)(de)(de)(de)DCS系統(tong)。在(zai)油(you)品儲運方面，罐區(qu)測(ce)量(liang)采用了(le)超(chao)聲、光(guang)導、雷達等先(xian)進手段，使得計算機監(jian)測(ce)等自動化(hua)技術(shu)有(you)了(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展;石油(you)化(hua)工產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)調合，進入了(le)在(zai)線(xian)優化(hua)自動調合的(de)(de)(de)(de)新階段。
近年來，國內(nei)石油化工企(qi)業在油品儲運自動化方面也有了很大(da)的進(jin)步(bu)。先進(jin)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技術(shu)是對(dui)常規控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技術(shu)的完善。
先進(jin)(jin)(jin)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最具有(you)(you)(you)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)性(xing)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是(shi)(shi)“多變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)預估控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，它與常(chang)規控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)兩點(dian)不同之(zhi)(zhi)處：第(di)一(yi)，它是(shi)(shi)對被控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)對象(xiang)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)反應(ying)(ying)器等)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)多變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)不是(shi)(shi)單回路控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)且被控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也(ye)由(you)傳統的(de)(de)溫(wen)度、壓力、流量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、液位(wei)四(si)大(da)參(can)數轉變(bian)為產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)指(zhi)標和設備負(fu)荷，大(da)大(da)提高了(le)(le)(le)整(zheng)個裝置的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)穩性(xing)，為卡邊(bian)操作(zuo)、挖掘效益創造了(le)(le)(le)條件;第(di)二，石油(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)生產(chan)過(guo)程復雜，建立(li)精(jing)(jing)確(que)數學模(mo)型(xing)非常(chang)困難(nan)，而(er)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)預估控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)則(ze)降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)(le)對數學模(mo)型(xing)精(jing)(jing)度的(de)(de)要求，。提高了(le)(le)(le)先進(jin)(jin)(jin)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)水平(ping)(ping)。在線質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)分(fen)析儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)是(shi)(shi)改善(shan)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)過(guo)程先進(jin)(jin)(jin)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效手段(duan)。先進(jin)(jin)(jin)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)目標多為一(yi)些(xie)(xie)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)指(zhi)標，如(ru)(ru)(ru)汽油(you)(you)干(gan)(gan)點(dian)、柴(chai)油(you)(you)90%點(dian)、柴(chai)油(you)(you)凝點(dian)、潤滑(hua)油(you)(you)粘度和閃點(dian)等，先進(jin)(jin)(jin)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)效果在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程度上取決于(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)數據(ju)的(de)(de)實時(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)及準(zhun)確(que)性(xing)。先進(jin)(jin)(jin)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，一(yi)些(xie)(xie)須控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)過(guo)程變(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)聚合物(wu)平(ping)(ping)均相對分(fen)子質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、精(jing)(jing)餾(liu)塔的(de)(de)塔頂和塔底產(chan)品(pin)某(mou)些(xie)(xie)組分(fen)的(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)點(dian)等(如(ru)(ru)(ru)噴氣(qi)燃料干(gan)(gan)點(dian)、汽油(you)(you)干(gan)(gan)點(dian)、柴(chai)油(you)(you)傾點(dian))，要么在現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)條件下(xia)難(nan)以(yi)直接(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，要么在線分(fen)析儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)滯后(hou)太大(da)，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)為了(le)(le)(le)實現(xian)(xian)直接(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)閉環控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)計(ji)算技(ji)(ji)術(shu)即軟(ruan)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。軟(ruan)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)被測(ce)(ce)參(can)數與影響(xiang)該(gai)參(can)數的(de)(de)其他操作(zuo)參(can)數的(de)(de)數學模(mo)型(xing)實現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)。軟(ruan)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)一(yi)般計(ji)算速(su)度較(jiao)(jiao)快，但由(you)于(yu)外在因素(如(ru)(ru)(ru)原油(you)(you)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)會出現(xian)(xian)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)誤差(cha)，為了(le)(le)(le)彌補軟(ruan)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)計(ji)算誤差(cha)，需要不斷利用(yong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)驗分(fen)析及在線質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)分(fen)析儀(yi)(yi)(yi)對其進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)校(xiao)正(zheng)，使精(jing)(jing)度得到提高。實踐證明，利用(yong)在線儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)校(xiao)正(zheng)軟(ruan)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)計(ji)算數據(ju)是(shi)(shi)解決先進(jin)(jin)(jin)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)數據(ju)的(de)(de)實時(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)、準(zhun)確(que)性(xing)要求較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效方(fang)法。優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)具有(you)(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)前(qian)景。在先進(jin)(jin)(jin)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層次之(zhi)(zhi)上的(de)(de)閉環優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)過(guo)程控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)后(hou)幾年(nian)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)方(fang)向。一(yi)些(xie)(xie)發達國(guo)家的(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已由(you)單裝置優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)走向多裝置優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，由(you)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)裝置的(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發展(zhan)到了(le)(le)(le)全廠的(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生產(chan)。
完(wan)善(shan)企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning——企(qi)業(ye)資源規劃(hua))是(shi)計算機(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)信息系統在90年代的(de)(de)最新發展。而作(zuo)為(wei)一種管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工具(ju)，它同時又是(shi)一套(tao)先進的(de)(de)計算機(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)系統。ERP的(de)(de)基(ji)本思想是(shi)將(jiang)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)業(ye)務流程看作(zuo)一個緊密聯接(jie)的(de)(de)供應(ying)鏈(lian)，包括供應(ying)商、制(zhi)造工廠(chang)、分(fen)(fen)銷(xiao)網絡和客戶等(deng);將(jiang)企(qi)業(ye)內部劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)成若(ruo)干相互協同作(zuo)業(ye)的(de)(de)子系統，如(ru)財(cai)務、市(shi)場營銷(xiao)、生產制(zhi)造、質(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)、服務維(wei)護(hu)、工程技(ji)術等(deng)。其采用一種面向企(qi)業(ye)供應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)思想，可對供應(ying)鏈(lian)上的(de)(de)所有環節進行有效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，如(ru)訂單、采購(gou)、庫存、計劃(hua)、生產制(zhi)造、質(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)、市(shi)場營銷(xiao)、財(cai)務管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、投(tou)資管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、決策管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、利潤分(fen)(fen)析等(deng)。作(zuo)為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)思想，它是(shi)一種新型的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式，這種融入了自動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)思想的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式一定會使石油化工企(qi)業(ye)在迎接(jie)新世紀挑戰時積極推進自動(dong)(dong)化技(ji)術的(de)(de)發展與應(ying)用，更大地提高(gao)生產效(xiao)率和企(qi)業(ye)競(jing)爭力。
